Challenges and progress in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria: a review of antiretroviral therapy efficacy and resistance implications

Abstract

Background: The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is a critical aspect of HIV control and  reproductive health in Nigeria. Despite significant advancements, the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing  HIV transmission remains challenged by issues like drug resistance and ART coverage gaps. These barriers, combined with  limited healthcare access and socioeconomic factors, complicate the achievement of Nigeria’s PMTCT goals. 

Objective: To review the efficacy of ART in PMTCT in Nigeria, assess the challenges related to ART resistance, and evaluate  the progress made towards achieving PMTCT targets. 

Methods: A comprehensive electronic search of published literature on PMTCT, ART efficacy, and drug resistance in Nigeria,  Africa and globally was conducted across databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, covering the  years 1991 to 2024. Boolean operators and specific keywords were used to refine the search, focusing on studies in English and  relevant to Nigeria’s PMTCT landscape. 

Conclusion: While Nigeria has made strides in scaling up ART and PMTCT services, challenges persist in addressing ART  resistance and sustaining high coverage. Increasing ART efficacy and addressing drug resistance require targeted, robust  PMTCT programs and policies, along with continuous monitoring and evaluation. Multisectoral collaborations, improved ART  access, and strengthened health systems are essential to achieving elimination of mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) in  Nigeria.